You might not need to be an accountant to be successful in business, but understanding financial reports will help you understand the basics of financial management and feel comfortable using standard financial tools and metrics to monitor and appraise the performance of your business.
How a Profit & Loss Statement helps you manage your business
Financial reports distill the vast amount of daily business data your company produces and arranges it into a usable format, useful in making the best possible business decisions.
Producing regular profit and loss statements, at least quarterly or monthly, will enable you to:
1. Answer the question, “How much money am I making, if any?”
2. Compare your projected performance with actual performance
3. Compare your performance against industry benchmarks
4. Use past performance trends to form reasonable forecasts for the future
5. Show your business growth and financial health over time
6. Detect any problems regarding sales, margins and expenses within a reasonable time so adjustments may be made to recoup losses or decrease expenses
7. Provide proof of income if you need a loan or mortgage
8. Calculate your income and expenses when completing and submitting your tax return.
What is a Profit & Loss Statement?
A profit and loss statement, also know as a P&L or an Income Statement, records sales income, costs and expenses and shows business performance over a specific period of time. Profit and loss statements:
1. Show business performance over a specific period of time
2. Show income (revenue from sales)
3. Show the costs of the goods you sell (Cost of Goods Sold) such as purchases made from suppliers for goods or raw materials
4. Shows your gross profit (income minus cost of goods sold)
5. Show operational expenses (overhead and other expenses of running your company)
6. Show net income or loss (whether a profit or loss has been made )
Creating a Profit & Loss Statement
The figures in a profit and loss account will come from a number of different sources in your business, so it’s best to organizes and categorize your day to day receipts and expenses into a Chart of Accounts which represents the income and expense categories you want to track and evaluate. This Chart of Accounts forms the core structure of your bookkeeping system, and will be the basis for your Profit and Loss Statement.
A Profit and Loss Statement will usually look something like this:
$250,000 Income
$10,000 Less Discounts
$240,000 Equals Net Income
$50,000 Less Cost of Sales/Cost of Goods Sold
$190,000 Equals Gross Profit
$100,000 Less Operating Expenses
$90,000 Equals Operating Profit
$5,000 Plus Other Income
$3,000 Less Other Expenses
$92,000 Equals Net Ordinary Income (Profit Before Taxes)
$33,000 Taxes
$59,000 Net Profit (or Net Loss)
Accounting Software and Financial Reporting
Accounting software makes it easy for you to create different views of your data. For example, you can compare this month with last month, this year-to-date with last-year-to-date, several months in sequence, or you can convert the figures into percentages and compare them that way. All this makes it easier for you to identify trends over time.
Your goal in business is for your sales and profits to increase, and your expenses, as a percent of sales, to decrease. Look at your profit and loss statements and compare them from one period to another. Are there any sudden changes or anomalies that raise a red flag? For example, if your office expense spending suddenly rose from $100 a month to $500 for one month, you would want to look into this. Or if your staff costs on average 30% of your income and this figure suddenly goes up to 40%, again you would want to investigate.
You can also draw some deeper conclusions than just seeing that more money is coming in than before. Is the increase equivalent to, or better than, the rate of inflation? Is it the result of more sales, or is it hiding the fact that although you have charged more per sale, you actually made fewer sales? And looking ahead, is the rate of increase in line with your goals, or do you need to set a new target? These are just some of the many questions accurate reports can help you address.